Notes
Downloadable study notes, organized by unit across every university.
Introduction to Electron Spin Resonance (ESR) Spectroscopy
Electron Spin Resonance (ESR) spectroscopy, also known as Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR) spectroscopy, is a branch of absorption…
Schottky Defect
Many ionic crystals contain point defects that preserve electrical neutrality while altering the arrangement of ions within the…
Interstitial Defect
An interstitial defect is a point defect in which an atom or ion occupies an interstitial site, that…
Vacancy Defect
No crystalline solid found in nature is perfectly ordered. During crystal formation and even after a crystal has…
Point Defects
Point defects are the simplest and most common type of crystal defects found in crystalline solids. They arise…
Perfect and Imperfect Crystals
Crystalline solids are composed of atoms, ions or molecules arranged in a highly ordered three-dimensional pattern known as…
Hyperfine Coupling (Hyperfine Interaction)
Hyperfine coupling, also known as hyperfine interaction, is one of the most important phenomena observed in Electron Spin…
Principle of Electron Spin Resonance (ESR) Spectroscopy
The principle of Electron Spin Resonance (ESR) spectroscopy is based on the interaction between the magnetic moment of…
Determination of Fugacity
Fugacity is a thermodynamic property and cannot be measured directly like pressure or temperature. Instead, it is calculated…
Concept of Fugacity
The concept of fugacity is one of the most important concepts in chemical thermodynamics. It was introduced by…