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The law of mass action gives the mathematical relationship between the concentrations or activities of the reactants and…
Chemical equilibrium is the state of a reversible chemical reaction in which the rates of the forward and…
Microscopic reversibility is concerned with the behaviour of matter at the molecular level. To understand this concept clearly,…
Irreversible processes involve the transport of quantities such as heat, mass, momentum and electric charge. The transport takes…
A pressure-spring thermometer is a temperature-measuring instrument in which the temperature is determined from the pressure developed by…
A non-equilibrium stationary state is a state in which the macroscopic state variables of a system do not…
The entropy production of an irreversible process can be expressed as a sum of products of thermodynamic fluxes…
An open system can exchange both energy and matter with its surroundings. Therefore, the entropy balance of an…
Consider a chemical reaction occurring at constant temperature and constant pressure. The reaction may be represented in the…
Consider two bodies or two phases maintained at temperatures \(T_1\) and \(T_2\), with \[ T_2>T_1 \] Let an…