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Microscopic reversibility is concerned with the behaviour of matter at the molecular level. To understand this concept clearly,…
Irreversible processes involve the transport of quantities such as heat, mass, momentum and electric charge. The transport takes…
A non-equilibrium stationary state is a state in which the macroscopic state variables of a system do not…
The entropy production of an irreversible process can be expressed as a sum of products of thermodynamic fluxes…
An open system can exchange both energy and matter with its surroundings. Therefore, the entropy balance of an…
Consider a chemical reaction occurring at constant temperature and constant pressure. The reaction may be represented in the…
Consider two bodies or two phases maintained at temperatures \(T_1\) and \(T_2\), with \[ T_2>T_1 \] Let an…
When an irreversible process takes place, the entropy of a system can change because entropy may be transferred…
A thermodynamic system is said to be in a non-equilibrium state when its macroscopic properties are such that…
Non-equilibrium thermodynamics, also called irreversible thermodynamics, deals with systems that are away from thermodynamic equilibrium and with the…